What is the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment is a constitutional amendment that grants women the right to vote in the United States. Ratified on August 18, 1920, it states, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of [censured].” This amendment marked a significant victory in the women’s suffrage movement. It followed decades of activism and struggle for women’s rights. The Nineteenth Amendment legally prohibited gender-based voting discrimination. Its passage represented a pivotal moment in American history, expanding democratic participation.
Why was the Nineteenth Amendment significant in the context of women’s suffrage?
The Nineteenth Amendment was significant because it granted women the legal right to vote in the United States. Ratified on August 18, 1920, it marked a pivotal victory in the women’s suffrage movement. This amendment legally prohibited any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote based on [censured]. Its passage followed decades of activism and advocacy by suffragists. Key figures like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton played crucial roles in this struggle. The Nineteenth Amendment fundamentally transformed American democracy by expanding the electorate. It also inspired further movements for gender equality and civil rights.
What were the historical circumstances leading to the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment was influenced by various historical circumstances advocating for women’s suffrage. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked a significant beginning for the women’s rights movement. Activists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton campaigned tirelessly for women’s voting rights. The Civil War and subsequent Reconstruction Era highlighted inequalities, prompting women to demand equal rights. The suffrage movement gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through organized campaigns and protests. By 1919, the growing support from various states and organizations led Congress to pass the amendment. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, granting women the right to vote.
How did the Nineteenth Amendment change the political landscape for women?
The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote in the United States. This significant change allowed women to participate in elections and influence political decisions. Prior to the amendment, women faced legal barriers to voting. The amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, marking a pivotal moment in women’s rights. It expanded the electorate and increased women’s representation in politics. Following its ratification, women began to run for office in greater numbers. This shift altered the dynamics of political campaigns and policies. The Nineteenth Amendment laid the groundwork for future advancements in women’s rights and equality.
Who were the key figures in the women’s suffrage movement?
Key figures in the women’s suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth. Susan B. Anthony was a prominent leader who co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was instrumental in organizing the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Sojourner Truth, an African American abolitionist, delivered the famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech. Other notable figures included Alice Paul and Lucy Stone, who advocated for women’s rights through various organizations. Their collective efforts significantly advanced the cause of women’s suffrage, leading to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
What roles did Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton play in advocating for women’s rights?
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were pivotal figures in advocating for women’s rights. They co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. This organization aimed to secure women’s voting rights through a constitutional amendment. Anthony focused on grassroots activism and mobilizing women across the country. Stanton was instrumental in drafting speeches and documents that articulated the movement’s goals. Their partnership emphasized both legal and social reform for women. Together, they organized conventions and campaigns to raise awareness. Anthony famously voted illegally in the 1872 election to protest disenfranchisement. Their efforts laid the groundwork for the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
How did Sojourner Truth contribute to the women’s suffrage movement?
Sojourner Truth contributed to the women’s suffrage movement by advocating for women’s rights and equality. She delivered her famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech in 1851 at the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. This speech emphasized the intersection of race and gender issues. Truth highlighted the struggles faced by Black women, advocating for their inclusion in the suffrage movement. Her activism helped to raise awareness about the unique challenges faced by women of color. Truth’s efforts inspired many to join the fight for women’s rights. She worked alongside other suffragists, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Truth’s legacy continues to influence discussions on women’s rights today.
What milestones marked the journey to the Nineteenth Amendment?
The journey to the Nineteenth Amendment included several key milestones. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the first organized women’s rights convention in the United States. The Declaration of Sentiments was presented there, demanding women’s suffrage. In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to advocate for women’s voting rights. The first women’s suffrage law was passed in Wyoming in 1869, allowing women to vote in state elections. In 1878, a women’s suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress, although it failed to pass. The National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1890, uniting various suffrage groups. The suffrage movement gained momentum during World War I, as women contributed significantly to the war effort. Finally, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, granting women the right to vote nationwide.
What were the major events leading up to the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment?
The major events leading up to the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment included several key milestones. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the beginning of the organized women’s suffrage movement. In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. The Wyoming Territory granted women the right to vote in 1869, serving as a model for other states. The suffrage movement gained momentum through the late 19th century, with protests and lobbying efforts. In 1916, the National Woman’s Party was formed, advocating for a federal amendment. The suffrage movement gained significant support during World War I, as women contributed to the war effort. Finally, in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, granting women the right to vote.
How did the suffrage movement evolve over the decades?
The suffrage movement evolved significantly over the decades, marked by key milestones and shifts in strategy. In the mid-19th century, early activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began advocating for women’s voting rights. Their efforts led to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which issued the Declaration of Sentiments.
By the late 19th century, the movement gained momentum with the formation of national organizations like the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890. This period focused on state-level campaigns to secure voting rights. The early 20th century saw increased activism, including protests and parades, notably the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C.
World War I played a crucial role, as women’s contributions to the war effort garnered public support. This shift culminated in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Post-amendment, the movement continued to evolve, addressing broader issues of equality and civil rights.
How did the Nineteenth Amendment influence future movements for equality?
The Nineteenth Amendment significantly influenced future movements for equality by establishing a legal precedent for women’s rights. It granted women the right to vote in 1920, empowering them to participate in the democratic process. This empowerment encouraged women to advocate for broader social and economic rights. The amendment inspired subsequent movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement and the Women’s Liberation Movement. Activists built on its principles to challenge systemic inequalities. For example, the 1964 Civil Rights Act drew momentum from the suffrage movement’s successes. The Nineteenth Amendment’s legacy continues to motivate ongoing struggles for gender and racial equality.
What impact did the Nineteenth Amendment have on subsequent civil rights movements?
The Nineteenth Amendment significantly influenced subsequent civil rights movements by establishing a legal precedent for gender equality in voting. This amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote in the United States. Its passage mobilized various groups advocating for civil rights, including African Americans and other marginalized communities. The women’s suffrage movement demonstrated the effectiveness of organized activism and grassroots campaigns. This inspired later movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, which sought to address racial discrimination. The Nineteenth Amendment also encouraged women to engage in broader social issues, including labor rights and reproductive rights. Overall, it laid the groundwork for future advocacy and legislative changes aimed at achieving equality for all.
How did the amendment shape the role of women in politics post-1920?
The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote, significantly shaping their role in politics post-1920. This legal change empowered women to participate in elections and influence political decisions. Following the amendment, women began to hold public office and engage in political activism. The number of women registered to vote increased dramatically, with 8 million women voting in the 1920 elections. Political organizations, such as the League of Women Voters, were established to advocate for women’s issues. Women’s suffrage also led to increased attention to social reform issues, including education and labor rights. Overall, the amendment marked a pivotal shift in women’s political engagement and representation in the United States.
What challenges did women face after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified?
Women faced significant challenges after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. Despite gaining the right to vote, many women encountered barriers to exercising this right. Discriminatory practices, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, were implemented in various states. These measures disproportionately affected women, particularly women of color. Additionally, societal expectations often discouraged women from participating in politics. Many women also faced hostility and intimidation at the polls. Furthermore, the amendment did not address issues like employment discrimination and reproductive rights. Thus, while the Nineteenth Amendment was a landmark achievement, it did not eliminate the struggles women faced in achieving true equality.
What barriers to voting still existed for women of color after the Nineteenth Amendment?
After the Nineteenth Amendment, women of color faced significant barriers to voting. These barriers included discriminatory practices such as literacy tests and poll taxes. Many states implemented these measures to suppress minority voting. Additionally, systemic racism and intimidation at the polls further hindered access. For instance, African American women often encountered violence when attempting to vote. Native American women were not considered U.S. citizens until 1924, limiting their voting rights. Overall, these obstacles created a challenging environment for women of color seeking to exercise their right to vote.
How did societal attitudes toward women in politics change after the amendment?
Societal attitudes toward women in politics shifted positively after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920. The amendment granted women the right to vote, which significantly increased their political visibility. Following this change, public perception began to view women as capable political participants. Women’s involvement in politics gradually became more accepted and normalized. This acceptance was reflected in the increasing number of women elected to office. By the 1930s, women were not only voting but also actively campaigning for political positions. The amendment catalyzed societal discussions about gender equality in governance. Overall, the Nineteenth Amendment marked a pivotal shift in how women were perceived in the political sphere.
What lessons can be learned from the women’s suffrage movement today?
The women’s suffrage movement teaches the importance of perseverance in advocacy. Activists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for decades to secure voting rights. Their efforts highlight that sustained activism can lead to significant social change. The movement also underscores the necessity of coalition-building. Diverse groups came together to support suffrage, demonstrating the power of unity. Furthermore, it illustrates the impact of public awareness campaigns. The suffragists effectively used protests and literature to educate the public. Lastly, the movement showcases the significance of legal frameworks. The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 was a legal victory that expanded democracy. These lessons remain relevant in contemporary movements for equality and justice.
How can current activists draw inspiration from the suffragists’ strategies?
Current activists can draw inspiration from the suffragists’ strategies by adopting their grassroots organizing methods. The suffragists mobilized communities through local chapters and meetings. They utilized petitions to gather support and demonstrate public demand for change. This approach helped build a broad coalition of supporters. Activists today can similarly engage communities to foster collective action. The suffragists also employed public demonstrations, such as parades and rallies, to raise awareness. These events effectively attracted media attention and public sympathy. By leveraging social media, current activists can amplify their messages and organize virtual events. The suffragists’ persistent lobbying of lawmakers also serves as a model for today’s advocacy efforts. Their strategic alliances with influential figures helped secure legislative victories.
What are best practices for advocating for gender equality in today’s context?
Best practices for advocating for gender equality include raising awareness through education and community engagement. Advocacy should focus on creating inclusive policies that address gender disparities. Collaborating with diverse organizations enhances the reach and impact of initiatives. Utilizing social media effectively can amplify messages and mobilize support. Engaging men as allies is crucial for fostering a comprehensive approach to equality. Regularly measuring progress through data and feedback ensures accountability and effectiveness. Advocacy efforts should also prioritize intersectionality to address the unique challenges faced by marginalized groups. These strategies are supported by various studies highlighting the importance of collective action and inclusive practices in achieving gender equality.
The Nineteenth Amendment is a constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote in the United States, ratified on August 18, 1920. This article explores the significance of the amendment within the women’s suffrage movement, highlighting key figures such as Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth, as well as the historical milestones leading to its passage. It examines the impact of the amendment on women’s political participation, the challenges faced by women of color post-ratification, and the lessons learned from the suffrage movement that continue to inspire contemporary advocacy for gender equality.
What is the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment is a constitutional amendment that grants women the right to vote in the United States. Ratified on August 18, 1920, it states, “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of [censured].” This amendment marked a significant victory in the women’s suffrage movement. It followed decades of activism and struggle for women’s rights. The Nineteenth Amendment legally prohibited gender-based voting discrimination. Its passage represented a pivotal moment in American history, expanding democratic participation.
Why was the Nineteenth Amendment significant in the context of women’s suffrage?
The Nineteenth Amendment was significant because it granted women the legal right to vote in the United States. Ratified on August 18, 1920, it marked a pivotal victory in the women’s suffrage movement. This amendment legally prohibited any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote based on [censured]. Its passage followed decades of activism and advocacy by suffragists. Key figures like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton played crucial roles in this struggle. The Nineteenth Amendment fundamentally transformed American democracy by expanding the electorate. It also inspired further movements for gender equality and civil rights.
What were the historical circumstances leading to the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment was influenced by various historical circumstances advocating for women’s suffrage. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked a significant beginning for the women’s rights movement. Activists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton campaigned tirelessly for women’s voting rights. The Civil War and subsequent Reconstruction Era highlighted inequalities, prompting women to demand equal rights. The suffrage movement gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through organized campaigns and protests. By 1919, the growing support from various states and organizations led Congress to pass the amendment. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, granting women the right to vote.
How did the Nineteenth Amendment change the political landscape for women?
The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote in the United States. This significant change allowed women to participate in elections and influence political decisions. Prior to the amendment, women faced legal barriers to voting. The amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, marking a pivotal moment in women’s rights. It expanded the electorate and increased women’s representation in politics. Following its ratification, women began to run for office in greater numbers. This shift altered the dynamics of political campaigns and policies. The Nineteenth Amendment laid the groundwork for future advancements in women’s rights and equality.
Who were the key figures in the women’s suffrage movement?
Key figures in the women’s suffrage movement included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth. Susan B. Anthony was a prominent leader who co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was instrumental in organizing the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Sojourner Truth, an African American abolitionist, delivered the famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech. Other notable figures included Alice Paul and Lucy Stone, who advocated for women’s rights through various organizations. Their collective efforts significantly advanced the cause of women’s suffrage, leading to the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
What roles did Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton play in advocating for women’s rights?
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were pivotal figures in advocating for women’s rights. They co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. This organization aimed to secure women’s voting rights through a constitutional amendment. Anthony focused on grassroots activism and mobilizing women across the country. Stanton was instrumental in drafting speeches and documents that articulated the movement’s goals. Their partnership emphasized both legal and social reform for women. Together, they organized conventions and campaigns to raise awareness. Anthony famously voted illegally in the 1872 election to protest disenfranchisement. Their efforts laid the groundwork for the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.
How did Sojourner Truth contribute to the women’s suffrage movement?
Sojourner Truth contributed to the women’s suffrage movement by advocating for women’s rights and equality. She delivered her famous “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech in 1851 at the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. This speech emphasized the intersection of race and gender issues. Truth highlighted the struggles faced by Black women, advocating for their inclusion in the suffrage movement. Her activism helped to raise awareness about the unique challenges faced by women of color. Truth’s efforts inspired many to join the fight for women’s rights. She worked alongside other suffragists, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Truth’s legacy continues to influence discussions on women’s rights today.
What milestones marked the journey to the Nineteenth Amendment?
The journey to the Nineteenth Amendment included several key milestones. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the first organized women’s rights convention in the United States. The Declaration of Sentiments was presented there, demanding women’s suffrage. In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to advocate for women’s voting rights. The first women’s suffrage law was passed in Wyoming in 1869, allowing women to vote in state elections. In 1878, a women’s suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress, although it failed to pass. The National American Woman Suffrage Association was formed in 1890, uniting various suffrage groups. The suffrage movement gained momentum during World War I, as women contributed significantly to the war effort. Finally, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920, granting women the right to vote nationwide.
What were the major events leading up to the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment?
The major events leading up to the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment included several key milestones. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the beginning of the organized women’s suffrage movement. In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. The Wyoming Territory granted women the right to vote in 1869, serving as a model for other states. The suffrage movement gained momentum through the late 19th century, with protests and lobbying efforts. In 1916, the National Woman’s Party was formed, advocating for a federal amendment. The suffrage movement gained significant support during World War I, as women contributed to the war effort. Finally, in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, granting women the right to vote.
How did the suffrage movement evolve over the decades?
The suffrage movement evolved significantly over the decades, marked by key milestones and shifts in strategy. In the mid-19th century, early activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began advocating for women’s voting rights. Their efforts led to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which issued the Declaration of Sentiments.
By the late 19th century, the movement gained momentum with the formation of national organizations like the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890. This period focused on state-level campaigns to secure voting rights. The early 20th century saw increased activism, including protests and parades, notably the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C.
World War I played a crucial role, as women’s contributions to the war effort garnered public support. This shift culminated in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, granting women the right to vote. Post-amendment, the movement continued to evolve, addressing broader issues of equality and civil rights.
How did the Nineteenth Amendment influence future movements for equality?
The Nineteenth Amendment significantly influenced future movements for equality by establishing a legal precedent for women’s rights. It granted women the right to vote in 1920, empowering them to participate in the democratic process. This empowerment encouraged women to advocate for broader social and economic rights. The amendment inspired subsequent movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement and the Women’s Liberation Movement. Activists built on its principles to challenge systemic inequalities. For example, the 1964 Civil Rights Act drew momentum from the suffrage movement’s successes. The Nineteenth Amendment’s legacy continues to motivate ongoing struggles for gender and racial equality.
What impact did the Nineteenth Amendment have on subsequent civil rights movements?
The Nineteenth Amendment significantly influenced subsequent civil rights movements by establishing a legal precedent for gender equality in voting. This amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote in the United States. Its passage mobilized various groups advocating for civil rights, including African Americans and other marginalized communities. The women’s suffrage movement demonstrated the effectiveness of organized activism and grassroots campaigns. This inspired later movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, which sought to address racial discrimination. The Nineteenth Amendment also encouraged women to engage in broader social issues, including labor rights and reproductive rights. Overall, it laid the groundwork for future advocacy and legislative changes aimed at achieving equality for all.
How did the amendment shape the role of women in politics post-1920?
The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote, significantly shaping their role in politics post-1920. This legal change empowered women to participate in elections and influence political decisions. Following the amendment, women began to hold public office and engage in political activism. The number of women registered to vote increased dramatically, with 8 million women voting in the 1920 elections. Political organizations, such as the League of Women Voters, were established to advocate for women’s issues. Women’s suffrage also led to increased attention to social reform issues, including education and labor rights. Overall, the amendment marked a pivotal shift in women’s political engagement and representation in the United States.
What challenges did women face after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified?
Women faced significant challenges after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified. Despite gaining the right to vote, many women encountered barriers to exercising this right. Discriminatory practices, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, were implemented in various states. These measures disproportionately affected women, particularly women of color. Additionally, societal expectations often discouraged women from participating in politics. Many women also faced hostility and intimidation at the polls. Furthermore, the amendment did not address issues like employment discrimination and reproductive rights. Thus, while the Nineteenth Amendment was a landmark achievement, it did not eliminate the struggles women faced in achieving true equality.
What barriers to voting still existed for women of color after the Nineteenth Amendment?
After the Nineteenth Amendment, women of color faced significant barriers to voting. These barriers included discriminatory practices such as literacy tests and poll taxes. Many states implemented these measures to suppress minority voting. Additionally, systemic racism and intimidation at the polls further hindered access. For instance, African American women often encountered violence when attempting to vote. Native American women were not considered U.S. citizens until 1924, limiting their voting rights. Overall, these obstacles created a challenging environment for women of color seeking to exercise their right to vote.
How did societal attitudes toward women in politics change after the amendment?
Societal attitudes toward women in politics shifted positively after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920. The amendment granted women the right to vote, which significantly increased their political visibility. Following this change, public perception began to view women as capable political participants. Women’s involvement in politics gradually became more accepted and normalized. This acceptance was reflected in the increasing number of women elected to office. By the 1930s, women were not only voting but also actively campaigning for political positions. The amendment catalyzed societal discussions about gender equality in governance. Overall, the Nineteenth Amendment marked a pivotal shift in how women were perceived in the political sphere.
What lessons can be learned from the women’s suffrage movement today?
The women’s suffrage movement teaches the importance of perseverance in advocacy. Activists like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for decades to secure voting rights. Their efforts highlight that sustained activism can lead to significant social change. The movement also underscores the necessity of coalition-building. Diverse groups came together to support suffrage, demonstrating the power of unity. Furthermore, it illustrates the impact of public awareness campaigns. The suffragists effectively used protests and literature to educate the public. Lastly, the movement showcases the significance of legal frameworks. The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 was a legal victory that expanded democracy. These lessons remain relevant in contemporary movements for equality and justice.
How can current activists draw inspiration from the suffragists’ strategies?
Current activists can draw inspiration from the suffragists’ strategies by adopting their grassroots organizing methods. The suffragists mobilized communities through local chapters and meetings. They utilized petitions to gather support and demonstrate public demand for change. This approach helped build a broad coalition of supporters. Activists today can similarly engage communities to foster collective action. The suffragists also employed public demonstrations, such as parades and rallies, to raise awareness. These events effectively attracted media attention and public sympathy. By leveraging social media, current activists can amplify their messages and organize virtual events. The suffragists’ persistent lobbying of lawmakers also serves as a model for today’s advocacy efforts. Their strategic alliances with influential figures helped secure legislative victories.
What are best practices for advocating for gender equality in today’s context?
Best practices for advocating for gender equality include raising awareness through education and community engagement. Advocacy should focus on creating inclusive policies that address gender disparities. Collaborating with diverse organizations enhances the reach and impact of initiatives. Utilizing social media effectively can amplify messages and mobilize support. Engaging men as allies is crucial for fostering a comprehensive approach to equality. Regularly measuring progress through data and feedback ensures accountability and effectiveness. Advocacy efforts should also prioritize intersectionality to address the unique challenges faced by marginalized groups. These strategies are supported by various studies highlighting the importance of collective action and inclusive practices in achieving gender equality.